Municipal Court Offenses

When you’re facing charges in municipal court, a strong defense can feel out of reach. When the charges against you seem to be open and shut, you need a powerful and capable legal voice representing you countering the claims of the police.

Municipal court-level charges can include shoplifting, speeding, DWI, or possession of drug paraphernalia. However, how the police perceive your actions and what truly unfolded on the day in question, can vastly differ.

Allowing a seasoned defense attorney to fight those charges can mean the difference between a serious conviction and a clean record.

Attorney Eric B. Hannum has over 20 years of experience successfully defending a variety of charges from assault to disorderly persons throughout the state of New Jersey. If you’ve been charged with any of the below offenses in New Jersey, contact our office immediately for an initial consultation and a thorough review of your legal rights and options.

39:3-40. Driving When License Is Suspended

No person to whom a driver’s license has been refused or whose driver’s license or reciprocity privilege has been suspended or revoked, or who has been prohibited from obtaining a driver’s license, shall personally operate a motor vehicle during the period of refusal, suspension, revocation, or prohibitation.

S39:6B-2. Driving Without Insurance

Any owner or registrant of a motor vehicle registered or principally garaged in this State who operates or causes to be operated a motor vehicle upon any public road or highway in this State without motor vehicle liability insurance coverage required by this act, and any operator who operates or causes a motor vehicle to be operated and who knows or should know from the attendant circumstances that the motor vehicle is without motor vehicle liability insurance coverage required by this act shall be subject, for the first offense, to a fine of not less than $300 nor more than $1,000 and a period of community service to be determined by the court, and shall forthwith forfeit his right to operate a motor vehicle over the highways of this State for a period of one year from the date of conviction.

Speeding Tickets

• Exceeding maximum speed by 1 to 14 mph over limit is 2 points.
• Exceeding maximum speed by 15 to 29 mph over limit is 4 points.
• Exceeding maximum speed by 30 or more mph over limit is 5 points.

2C:20-11. Shoplifting

For any person purposely to take possession of, carry away, transfer or cause to be carried away of transferred, any merchandise displayed, held, stored, or offered for sale by any store or other retail mercantile establishment with the intention of depriving the merchant of the possession, use or benefit of such merchandise or converting the same to the use of such person without paying to the merchant the full retail value thereof.

2C:12-1.Simple Assault

A person is guilty of assault if he:

1. Attempts to cause or purposely, knowingly or recklessly causes bodily injury to another; or
2. Negligently causes bodily injury to another with a deadly weapon; or
3. Attempts by physical menace to put another in fear of imminent serious bodily injury.

Simple assault is a disorderly persons offense unless committed in a fight or scuffle entered into by mutual consent, in which case it is a petty disorderly persons offense.

2C:20-8.Theft Of Services

A person is guilty of theft if he purposely obtains services which he knows are available only for compensation, by deception or threat, or by false token, slug or other means, including but not limited to mechanical or electronic devices or through fraudulent statements, to avoid payment for the service. “Services” include labor or professional service; transportation, telephone, telecommunications, electric, water, gas, cable television, or other public service; accommodation in hotels, restaurants or elsewhere; entertainment; admission to exhibitions; use of vehicles or other movable property. Where compensation for service is ordinarily paid immediately upon the rendering of such service, as in the case of hotels and restaurants, absconding without payment or offer to pay gives rise to a presumption that the service was obtained by deception as to intention to pay.

2C:33-2.Disorderly Conduct

A person is guilty of a petty disorderly persons offense, if with purpose to cause public inconvenience, annoyance or alarm, or recklessly creating a risk thereof he

1. Engages in fighting or threatening , or in violent or tumultuous behavior; or
2. Creates a hazardous or physically dangerous condition by any act which serves no legitimate purpose of the actor.

2C:36-1.Drug Paraphernalia

As used in this act, “drug paraphernalia” means all equipment, products, and material of any kind which are used or intended for use in planting, propagating, cultivating, growing, harvesting, manufacturing, compounding, converting, producing, processing, preparing, testing, analyzing, packaging, repackaging, storing, containing, concealing, ingesting, inhaling, or otherwise introducing into the human body a controlled dangerous substance or controlled substance analog in violation of the provisions of chapter 35 of this title.

2C:35-10.Controlled Dangerous Substances (CDS)- Under 50 Grams

A person convicted of marijuana possession is subject to a fine of up to $1000 plus assessments to Drug Enforcement, laboratory analysis, Victims of Crime Compensation Board and to the Safe Neighborhood Services Fund of approximately $675.

Although a person convicted of this offense who has not been previously convicted of an offense is entitled to a presumption of non-incarceration, defendant may be sentenced up to six months in jail.

The court must suspend defendant’s driving privileges for at least 6 months and up to 2 years upon conviction.

2C:33-4.Harassment

Except as provided in subsection e, a person commits a petty disorderly persons offense if, with purpose to harass another, he:

1. Makes, or causes to be made, a communication or communications anonymously or at extremely inconvenient hours, or in offensively coarse language, or any other manner likely to cause annoyance or alarm;
2. Subjects another to striking, kicking, shoving, or other offensive touching, or threatens to do so; or
3. Engages in any other course of alarming conduct or of repeatedly committed acts with purpose to alarm or seriously annoy such other person.

2C:17-3.Criminal Mischief

A person is guilty of criminal mischief if he:

1. Purposely or knowingly damages tangible property of another or damages tangible property of another recklessly or negligently in the employment of fire, explosives or other dangerous means or
2. Purposely, knowingly, or recklessly tampers with tangible property of another so as to endanger person or property, including the damaging or destroying of a rental premises by a tenant in retaliation for institution of eviction proceedings.

39: 3-20. Operating Commercial Vehicle In Excess Of 45 Mph.

The chief administrator is authorized to issue registrations for commercial motor vehicles other than omnibuses or motor-drawn vehicles upon application therefor and payment of a fee based on the gross weight of the vehicle, including the gross weight of all vehicles in any combination of vehicles of which the commercial motor vehicle is the drawing vehicle. The gross weight of a disabled commercial vehicle or combination of disabled commercial vehicles being removed from a highway shall not be included in the calculation of the registration fee for the drawing vehicle.

39:4-14.3. Operating Motorized Bicycle On A Restricted Highway.

Motorized bicycles shall not be operated upon interstate highways or upon public highways divided by a grass or concrete median or highways with posted speed limits in excess of 50 miles per hour or upon the railroad or right-of-way of an operating railroad within the State of New Jersey or upon any public land where expressly prohibited by the governing body, department or agency having jurisdiction thereof.

39:4-14.3d. More Than One Person On A Motorized Bicycle.

No person shall operate a motorized bicycle unless he is in possession of a valid driver’s license of an class or a motorized bicycle license, which shall be issued by the commission to any person 15 years of age or older, upon proof of identity and date of birth, and after he has passed a satisfactory examination as to his ability as an operator. Such examination shall include a test of the applicant’s knowledge of such portions of the mechanism of motorized bicycles as is necessary to insure their safety operation and of the laws and ordinary usages of the road and a demonstration of his ability to operate a motorized bicycle.

39:4-36. Failure To Yield To Pedestrian.

The driver of a vehicle shall yield the right-of-way to a pedestrian crossing the roadway within a marked crosswalk or within any unmarked crosswalk at an intersection, except at crosswalks when the movement of traffic is being regulated by police officers or traffic control signals, or where otherwise prohibited by municipal, county, or State regulation, and except where a pedestrian tunnel or overhead pedestrian crossing has been provided, but no pedestrian shall suddenly leave a curb or other place of safety and walk or run into the path of a vehicle which is so close that is it impossible for the driver to yield. Nothing contained herein shall relieve a pedestrian from using due care for his safety.

39:4-41. Driving Through Safety Zone.

No driver of a vehicle shall drive through a safety zone, unless directed to do so by a police or traffic officer or official sign.

39:4-49.1. Drug Possession By Motor Vehicle Operator.

No person shall operate a motor vehicle on any highway while knowingly having in his possession or in the motor vehicle any controlled dangerous substance as classified in Schedules I, II, III, IV and V of the “New Jersey Controlled Dangerous Substances Act” P.L. 1970, c. 226 (C. 24:21-1 et seq.) or any prescription of, a duly licensed physician, veterinarian, dentist or other medical practitioner licensed to write prescriptions intended for the treatment or prevention of disease in man or animals unless the person possesses a controlled dangerous substance pursuant to a lawful order of a practitioner or lawfully possesses a Schedule V substance. A person who violates this section shall be fined not less than $50.00 and shall forthwith forfeit his right to operate a motor vehicle for a period of two years from the date of his conviction.

39:4-52. Racing On Highway.

No person shall operate a motor vehicle upon a public highway for a wager or in a race or for the purpose of making a speed record. A person who violates this section shall be fined not less than $25 nor more than $100 dollars for the first offense, and for a subsequent offense, not less than $100 nor more than $200 dollars.

39:4-55. Improper Action Or Omission On Grades And Curves.

The driver of a motor vehicle traversing a steep grade or mountain highway shall hold the vehicle under control and as near the right-hand side of the highway as reasonably possible, and when traveling upon a down grade upon a highway, shall not coast with the gears of the vehicle in neutral. When approaching a curve where the view is obstructed within a distance of two hundred feet along the highway, he shall give audible warning with a horn or other warning device.

39:4-56. Delaying Traffic Prohibited.

No person shall drive or conduct a vehicle in such condition, so constructed or so loaded as to be likely to cause delay in traffic or accident to man , beast or property.

39:4-57. Failure To Observe Direction Of Officer.

Drivers of vehicles, street cars or horses shall at all times comply with any direction, by voice or hand, of a member of a police department, a peace officer or the director, when enforcing a provision of this chapter.

39:4-66 Failure To Stop Vehicle Before Crossing Sidewalk.

The operator of a vehicle emerging from an alley, driveway, garage or private road or driveway, shall stop the vehicle immediately prior to driving upon the sidewalk, and shall proceed to enter the sidewalk only after yielding the right of way to a pedestrian on the sidewalk, if the pedestrian is so close as to constitute an immediate hazard.

39:4-66.1 Failure To Yield To Pedestrians Or Vehicles While Entering Or Leaving Highway.

When the driver of a vehicle, about to enter an alley, driveway, garage, or private road or driveway from a highway, shall find it necessary to drive upon the sidewalk, he first shall yield the right of way to all pedestrians on the sidewalk, if the pedestrians are so close as to constitute an immediate hazard.

39:4-66.2 Operating A Motor Vehicle On Public Or Private Property To Avoid A Traffic Control Signal Or Sign.

Except for emergency vehicles and motor vehicles being operated at the direction of a law enforcement officer, no person shall drive a motor vehicle on public property, except public roads or highways, or private property, with or without the permission of the owner, for the purpose of avoiding a traffic control signal or sign. Any person found guilty of violating the provisions of this act shall be liable for a penalty of not less than $50.00 or more than $200.00 or imprisonment for a term not exceeding 15 days, or both.

39:4-71 Operating A Motor Vehicle On A Sidewalk.

No person shall drive or back a horse or vehicle across, or allow the same to stand on a sidewalk unless it being crossing the sidewalk to go into a yard or lot, and then not without the consent of the owner of the premises. This section shall not prohibit the passing of a horse or vehicle over a sidewalk in front of an alley or passageway with the owner’s consent, or any municipality from driving or operating or causing to be driven or operated along or over the sidewalks within the municipality any vehicle for the purpose of maintaining or cleaning said sidewalks.

39:4-80 Failure To Obey Direction Of Officer.

When a traffic or police officer is stationed in a highway for the purpose of directing traffic, he may regulate and control traffic at that point, and all drivers of vehicles shall obey his orders and directions, notwithstanding anything contained in this article.

39:4-81 Failure To Observe Traffic Signals.

The driver of every vehicle, the motorman of every street car and every pedestrian shall obey the instructions of any official traffic control device applicable thereto, placed in accordance with the provisions of this chapter, unless otherwise directed by a traffic or police officer. When, by reason of a power failure or other malfunction, a traffic control signal at an intersection is not illuminated, the driver of a vehicle or street car shall, with respect to that intersection, observe the requirement for a stop intersection, as provided in R.S. 39:4-144.

39:4-82 Failure To Keep Right.

Upon all highways of sufficient width, except upon one-way streets, the driver of vehicle shall drive it on the right half of the roadway. He shall drive a vehicle as closely as possible to the right-hand edge or curb of the roadway, unless it is impracticable to travel on that side of the roadway, and except when overtaking and passing another vehicle subject to the provisions of sections 39:4-84 and 39:4-85 of this Title.

39:4-82.1 Improper Operating Of Vehicle On Divided Highway Or Divider.

Whenever any highway has been divided into two roadways by leaving an intervening space or by a physical barrier or clearly indicated dividing section so constructed so as to impede vehicular traffic, every vehicle shall be driven only upon the right-hand roadway and no vehicle shall be driven over, across or within any such dividing space, barrier, or section, except through an appropriate opening in such physical barrier or dividing section or space or at a cross over or intersection established by public authority.

39:4-83 Failure To Keep Right At Intersection.

In crossing an intersection of highways or in the intersection of a highway and a railroad right of way, the driver of a vehicle shall at all times cause the vehicle to travel on the right half of the roadway unless the right half is obstructed or impassable. The foregoing limitations shall not apply upon a one-way roadway.

39:4-84 Failure To Pass Right Of Vehicle Proceeding In Opposite Direction.

Drivers of vehicles proceeding in opposite directions shall pass each other to the right, each giving to the other at least one-half of the available traveled portion of the highway as nearly as possible.

39:4-85 Improper Passing On Right Of Off Roadway.

The driver of a vehicle overtaking another vehicle proceeding in the same direction shall pass at a safe distance to the left thereof and shall not again drive to the right side of the roadway until safely clear of the overtaken vehicle. If vehicles on the roadway are moving in two or more substantially continuous lines, the provisions of the paragraph and section 39:4-87 of this Title shall not be considered as prohibiting the vehicles in one line overtaking and passing the vehicles in another line either upon the right or left, nor shall those provisions be construed to prohibit drivers overtaking and passing upon the right another vehicle which is making or about to make a left turn. The driver of an overtaking motor vehicle not within a business or residence district shall give audible warning with his horn or other warning device before passing or attempting to pass a vehicle proceeding in the same direction. The driver of a vehicle may overtake and pass another vehicle upon the right as provided in this section only under conditions permitting such movement in safety. In no event shall such movement be made by driving off the pavement or main-traveled portion of the roadway.

39:4-85.1 Wrong Way On A One-Way Street.

The commissioner with respect to highways under his jurisdiction may by regulation, and local and county authorities with respect to highways under their jurisdiction may by ordinance or resolution designate any such highway or any separate roadway of such highway for one-way traffic and shall erect appropriate signs giving notice thereon. Upon a highway or roadway properly designated and signed for one-way traffic, a vehicle shall be driven only in the direction designated.

39:4-86 Improper Passing In A No Passing Zone.

The driver of a vehicle shall not drive to the left side of the center line of a highway in overtaking and passing another vehicle proceeding in the same direction unless the left side is clearly visible and free of oncoming traffic for a sufficient distance ahead to permit the overtaking and passing to me made in safety.

39:4-87 Failure To Yield To Overtaking Vehicle.

The driver of a vehicle ion a highway, about to be overtaken and passed by another vehicle, approaching from the rear, shall give way to the right in favor or the overtaking vehicle on suitable and audible signal being given by the driver of the overtaking vehicle, and shall not increase the speed of his vehicle until completely passed by the overtaking vehicle.

39:4-88 Failure To Observe Traffic Lanes.

When a roadway has been divided into clearly marked lanes for traffic, drivers of vehicles shall obey the following regulations:

A vehicle shall normally be driven in the lane nearest the right-hand edge or curb of the roadway when that lane is available for travel, except when overtaking another vehicle or in preparation for a left turn.

A vehicle shall be driven as nearly as practicable entirely within a single lane and shall not be moved from that lane until the driver has first ascertained that the movement can be made with safety.

Upon a highway which is divided into 3 lanes, a vehicle shall not be driven in the center lane except when overtaking or passing another vehicle or in preparation for a left turn or unless the center lane is at the time allocated for traffic moving in the direction the vehicle is proceeding and is signposted to give notice of that allocation.

39:4-89: Tailgating.

The driver of a vehicle shall not follow another vehicle more closely than is reasonable and prudent, having due regard to the speed of the preceding vehicle and the traffic upon, and condition of, the highway

39:4-90 Failure To Yield At Intersection.

The driver of a vehicle approaching an intersection shall yield the right of way to a vehicle which has entered the intersection. When 2 vehicles enter an intersection at the same time the driver of the vehicle on the left shall yield the right of way to the driver of the vehicle on the right.

39:4-90.1 Failure To Use Proper Entrances To Limited Access Highways.

No person shall drive a vehicle onto or from any limited-access highway except at such entrances and exits as are established by public authority.

39:4-91 Failure To Yield To Emergency Vehicles.

The driver of a vehicle upon a highway shall yield the right of way to any authorized emergency vehicle when it is operated on official business, or in the exercise of the driver’s profession or calling, in response to an emergency call or in the pursuit of an actual or suspected violator of the law and when an audible signal by bell, siren, exhaust whistle or other means is sounded from the authorized emergency vehicle and when the authorized emergency vehicle, except on a police vehicle is equipped with at least one lighted lamp displaying a red light visible under normal atmospheric conditions from a distance of at least five hundred feet to the front of the vehicle.

39:4-92 Failure To Yield To Emergency Vehicles.

Upon the immediate approach of an authorized emergency vehicle giving audible signal, and equipped, as required by section 39:4-91 of this Title, and unless otherwise directed by a police or traffic officer,

The driver of every vehicle shall immediately drive to a position as near as possible and parallel to the right-hand edge or curb of the highway, clear of an intersection of highways, and shall stop and remain in that position until the authorized emergency vehicle has passed and

The driver or person in control of a street car shall immediately stop the clear of an intersection of highways and keep it stationary until the authorized emergency vehicle has passed.

No driver of any vehicle other than one on official business shall follow any authorized emergency vehicle, traveling in response to an emergency call, closer than 300 feet, or drive nearer to, or park the vehicle within 200 feet of, where any fire apparatus has stopped in answer to a fire alarm.

39:4-96 Reckless Driving.

A person who drives a vehicle heedlessly, in willful or wanton disregard of the rights or safety of others, in a manner so as to endanger, or be likely to endanger, a person or property, shall be guilty of reckless driving and be punished by imprisonment in the county or municipal jail for a period of not more than 60 days, or by a fine or not less than $50.00 or more than $200.00, or both.

39:4-97 Careless Driving.

A person who drives a vehicle carelessly, or without due caution and circumspection, in a manner so as to endanger, or be likely to endanger, a person or property, shall be guilty of careless driving.

39:4-97a Destruction Of Agricultural Or Recreational Property.

No person shall operate a motor vehicle, except a motor vehicle operated for emergency purposes by a fire department or ambulance or rescue squad, in a manner which causes the destruction of agricultural crops, fences, fields, or other agricultural or recreational property. “Recreational property” means any public or private property used as a golf course, park or other similar purpose.

39:4-97.1 Slow Speeds As Blocking Traffic.

No person shall drive a motor vehicle at such a slow speed as to impede or block the normal and reasonable movement of traffic except when reduced speed is necessary for safe operation or in compliance with law.

39:4-97.2 Driving In An Unsafe Manner.

Notwithstanding any other provision of law to the contrary, it shall be unlawful for any person to drive or operate a motor vehicle in an unsafe manner likely to endanger a person or property.

39:4-98 Exceeding Maximum Speed.

Subject to the provisions of R.S. 39:4-96 and R.S. 39:4-97 and except in those instances where a lower speed is specified in this chapter, it shall be prima facie lawful for the driver of a vehicle to drive it at a speed not exceeding the following:

Twenty-five miles per hour in any business or residential district;

Thirty-five miles per hour in any suburban business or residential district;

Fifty miles per hour in all other locations, except as otherwise provided in the “Sixty-Five MPH Speed Limit Implementation Act”, P.L. 1999, c.415

39:4-99 Exceeding Maximum Speed.

It shall be prima facie unlawful for a person to exceed any of the foregoing speed limitations or any speed limitation in effect as established by authority of section 39:4-98 of this Title. In every charge of violation of section 39:4-98 of this Title, the complaint and the summon or notice to appear, shall specify the speed at which the defendant is alleged to have driven and the speed which this article declares shall be prima facie lawful at the time and place of the alleged violation.

39:4-105 Failure To Stop For Traffic Light.

Traffic signals or signal devices shall conform strictly with the provisions of this article. A three-color system shall be used; red, amber and green. Green means permission for traffic to go, subject to the safety of others or the specific directions of an officer, official sign or special signal. Red means traffic to stop before entering the intersection or crosswalk and remain standing until green is shown alone, unless otherwise specifically directed to go by an officer, official sign or specific signal. Amber, or yellow, when shown alone following green means traffic to stop before entering the intersection or nearest crosswalk, unless when the amber appears the vehicle or street car is so close to the intersection that with suitable brakes it cannot be stopped in safety. A distance of fifty feet from the intersection is considered a safe stopping distance for a speed of twenty miles per hour, and vehicles and street cars if within that distance when the amber appears alone, and which cannot be stopped with safety, may proceed across the intersection or make a right or left turn unless the tuning movement is specifically limited.

39:4-115 Improper Turn At Traffic Light.

The driver of a vehicle or the motorman of a streetcar

Intending to turn to the right or left at an intersection where traffic is controlled by traffic control signals or by a traffic or police officer, shall proceed to make either turn with proper care to avoid accidents and, except as provided in b. below, only upon the “Go” signal unless otherwise directed by a traffic or police officer, an official sign or special signal; or

Intending to turn right at an intersection where traffic is controlled by a traffic control signal shall, unless an official sign of the State, municipality, or county authority having jurisdiction over the intersection prohibits the same, proceed to make the turn upon a “Stop” or “Caution” signal with proper care to avoid accidents after coming to a full stop, observing traffic in all directions and yielding to all pedestrians and other traffic traveling in a direction in which the turn will be made. Both the approach for and the turn shall be made as close as practicable to the right-hand curb or edge of the roadway, unless such intersection is otherwise provided.

39:4-119 Failure To Stop At Flashing Red Signal.

Traffic control signals and beacon or flashing signals when operating as flashing mechanisms shall conform to the following:

Flashing Red: The red lens when illuminated with rapid intermittent flashes shall require drivers to come to a complete stop before entering or crossing the intersection. The driver shall proceed only after yielding the right of way to all traffic on the intersecting street, which traffic is so close as to constitute an immediate hazard.

Flashing Amber: The amber lens when illuminated with rapid intermittent flashes shall indicate the presence of danger and require drivers to proceed only with caution.

39:4-122 Failure To Stop For Police Whistle.

A driver shall, upon one blast of a police whistle given by a police officer with hand raised, bring the vehicle to a full stop, and shall not proceed again until he receives a signal so to do from the officer. Three or more blasts of the police whistle is the signal for alarm and indicates the approach of a fire engine or other danger.

39:4-123 Improper Right Or Left Turn.

Except as otherwise provided in this article, the driver of a vehicle intending to turn at an intersection shall do so as following:

Right turns. Both the approach for a right turn and a right turn shall be made as close as practicable to the right-hand curb or edge of the roadway.

Left turns on two-way roadways. At any intersection where traffic is permitted to move in both directions on each roadway entering the intersection, an approach for a left turn shall me made in that portion of the right half of the roadway nearest the center line thereof and by passing to the right of such center line where it enters the intersection and after entering the intersection the left turn shall be made so as to leave the intersection to the right of the center line of the roadway being entered. Whenever practicable the left turn shall be made in that portion of the intersection to the left of the center of the intersection.

Left turns on other than two-way roadways. At any intersection where traffic is restricted to one direction on one or more of the roadways, the driver of a vehicle intending to turn left at any such intersection shall approach the intersection in the extreme left-hand lane lawfully available to traffic moving in the direction of travel of such vehicle and after entering the intersection the left turn shall be made so as to leave the intersection, as nearly as practicable, in the left-hand lane lawfully available to traffic moving in such direction upon the roadway being entered.

39:4-124 Improper Turn From Approved Turning Course.

The State Highway Commissioner and local authorities, with reference to highways under their respective jurisdictions, may modify the method provided in section 39:4-123 of this Title, of turning at intersections by clearly indicating by buttons, markers, or other direction signs, within an intersection, the course to be followed by vehicles turning therein. No driver shall fail to turn in the manner so directed when such direction signs are installed by said authorities.

39:4-125 Improper “U” Turn.

The driver of a vehicle shall not turn such vehicle around so as to proceed in the opposite direction upon any curve or upon the approach to or near the crest of a grade or at any place upon a highway as defined in R.S. 39:1-1 where the view of such vehicle is obstructed within a distance of five hundred feet along the highway in either direction; and no such vehicle shall be turned around so as to proceed in the opposite direction on a state highway which shall be conspicuously marked with signs stating “no U turn”.

39:4-126 Failure To Give Proper Signal.

No person shall turn a vehicle at an intersection unless the vehicle is in proper position upon the roadway as required in section 39:4-123, or turn a vehicle to enter a private road or driveway or otherwise turn a vehicle from a direct course or move right or left upon a roadway, or start to back a vehicle unless and until such movement can be made with safety. No person shall so turn any vehicle without giving an appropriate signal in the manner hereinafter provided in the event any other traffic may be affected by such movement.

39:4-127 Improper Backing Or Turning In Street.

No vehicle shall back or make a turn in a street, if by so doing it interferes with other vehicles, but shall go around a block or to a street sufficiently wide to turn in without backing.

39:4-127.1 Improper Crossing Of Railroad Grade Crossing.

Whenever any person driving a vehicle approaches a railroad grade crossing under any of the circumstances stated in this section, the driver of such vehicle shall stop within fifty feet but not less than fifteen feet from the nearest rail of such railroad, and shall not proceed until he can do so safely.

39:4-127.2 Improper Crossing Of Bridge.

No person shall drive any vehicle through, around, or under any gate or barrier at or on the approaches to a movable span bridge while such gate or barrier is closed or is being opened or closed, nor shall any person drive any vehicle in disobedience to the directions of a traffic control signal or sign, police officer or duly authorized bridge tender, flagman or gateman, located at or in advance of said bridge.

39:4-128 Improper Crossing Of Railroad Grade Crossing By Certain Vehicles.

The driver of any omnibus, designed for carrying more than six passengers, or of any school bus carrying any school child or children, or of any vehicle carrying explosive substance or flammable liquids as a cargo or part of a cargo, or of any commercial motor vehicle specified in 49 C.F.R. s.392.10(a) (1) through (6), before crossing at grade any track or tracks of a railroad shall stop such vehicle within 50 feet but not less than 15 feet from the nearest rail of such railroad and while so stopped listen and look in both directions along such track or tracks, for any approaching train, and for signals indicating the approach of a train. After stopping as required herein and upon proceeding when it is safe to do so, the driver of any said vehicle shall cross only in such gear of the vehicle that there will be no necessity for changing gears while traversing such crossing and the driver shall not shift gears while crossing the track or tracks.

39:4-128.1 Improper Passing Of School Bus.

On highways, having roadways not divided by safety islands or physical traffic separation installations, the driver of a vehicle approaching or overtaking a bus, which is being used solely for the transportation of children to or from school or a summer day camp or any school connected activity and which has stopped for the purpose of receiving or discharging any child, shall stop such vehicle not less than 25 feet from such school bus and keep such vehicle stationary until such child has entered said bus or has alighted and reached the side of such highway and until a flashing red light is no longer exhibited by the bus; provided, such bus is designated as a school bus by one sign on the front and one sign on the rear, with each letter on such signs at least four inches in height.

39:4-128.4 Improper Passing Of A Frozen Dessert Truck.

The driver of a vehicle approaching or overtaking from either direction a frozen dessert truck stopped on the highway shall stop before reaching the truck when the flashing red lights and stop signal arm described in section 3 are in use. After stopping, a driver may proceed past such truck at a reasonable and prudent speed, not exceeding 15 miles per hour, and shall yield the right of way to any pedestrian who crosses the roadway to or from the frozen dessert truck.

39:4-129 Leaving The Scene Of An Accident.

The driver of any vehicle, knowingly involved in an accident resulting in injury or death to any person shall immediately stop the vehicle at the scene of the accident or as close thereto as possible but shall then forthwith return to and in every event shall remain at the scene until he has fulfilled the requirements of subsection ( c ) of this section. Every such stop shall be made without obstructing traffic more than is necessary. Any person who shall violate this subsection shall be fined not less than $2500.00 nor more than $5000.00, or be imprisoned for a period of 180 days, or both. The term of imprisonment required by this subsection shall be imposed only if the accident resulted in death or injury to a person other than the driver convicted of violating this section.

39:4-144 Failure To Observe “Stop” Or “Yield” Signs.

No driver of a vehicle or street car shall enter upon or cross an intersecting street marked with a “stop” sign unless he has first brought his vehicle or street car to a complete stop at a point within 5 feet of the nearest crosswalk or stop line marked upon the pavement at the near side of the intersecting street and shall proceed only after yielding the right of way to all traffic on the intersecting street which is so close as to constitute an immediate hazard. No driver of a vehicle or street car shall enter upon or cross an intersecting street marked with a “yield right of way” sign without first slowing to a reasonable speed for existing conditions and visibility, stopping if necessary, and the driver shall yield the right of way to all traffic on the intersecting street which is so close as to constitute an immediate hazard; unless, in either case, he is otherwise directed to proceed by a traffic or police officer or traffic control signal, or as provided in section 39:4-145 of this Title.

39-5C-1 Racing On Highway.

A person who shall operate or attempt or agree to operate a motor vehicle on a public highway in a race with any other motor vehicle or for the purpose of making a speed record or who shall arrange for, manage, encourage, or assist in, the holding of, or the attempting to hold, any such race or speed race event, is a disorderly person, and, upon conviction, shall be punished by a fine of not less than $25.00 nor more than $100.00 for the first offense and for each subsequent offense a fine of not less than $100.00 nor more than $200.00 or by imprisonment for not more than 90 days or both.

39:5D-4 Moving Violation Out-Of-State.

The licensing authority in the home State, for the purposes of suspension, revocation, or limitation of the license to operate a motor vehicle, shall give the same effect to the conduct reported, pursuant to Article III of this compact, as it would if such conduct has occurred in the home State, shall apply the penalties off the home State or of the State in which the violation occurred, in the case for:

Manslaughter or negligent homicide resulting from the operation of a motor vehicle;

Driving a motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor or a narcotic drug, or under the influence of any other drug to a degree which renders the driver incapable of safely driving a motor vehicle;

Any felony in the commission of which a motor vehicle is used;

Failure to stop and render aid in the event of a motor vehicle accident resulting in the death or personal injury of another.